Chapter 4 Level E Vocab Answers

Here's medieval kings. Chapter IV: Fruela I

Or how losing to karma

We left Alfonso I "the Catholic" and Nipple died in 757. As we said in offspring left three men, two legitimate, Queen Ermesinda (Fruela and Vimaranes) and a bastard, Mauregato. He also had a daughter, Adosinda, also of the queen. His eldest son should succeed, Fruela, like his brother, born in 722, embodying the union in the blood of Cantabrian and Asturian.

Fruela I set about making friends wherever he went. O was very short-sighted or she was walking, I do not think everything he did throughout his eleven-year reign was done as a last resort ... Of Indeed, some sources refer to him as "the Cruel".

Fruela I, King of Asturias. Note what we found under his left foot. Well, read on ...

Fruela

The raids began early, because if something marked his reign from the beginning were the territorial disorders were present in more peripheral areas of their domains. In Christian Galicia and Basque. That image of weakness was seen by Abderrahman I, the brand new Emir of Córdoba (a guy who, bah, was called to take a position of importance in the Umayyad Caliphate, but, as passed by the sword the whole family, he dashed the plans for the future and prepared others for what became the run and disguise to the mainland and sent to the emir who ruled the area, setting up his own emirate, independent of the new Abbasid dynasty, splitting al-Andalus Caliphate, almost nothing). They sent an army to try to retake the area of \u200b\u200bGalicia in Christian hands, led by Umar and smoking, which could be a son of Abderrahman, possibly illegitimate or minor wives. Fruela But it was not for nonsense, and I think he wanted from nothing less than the infidels should come to their land to sink the nail on the head.

The confrontation between the two armies came in Pontucio or Pontuvio in Galicia. The victory by the Asturian descant. But the misery was overwhelming among the defeated Asaz: not only lost, but their general was arrested ... And beheaded by the very Fruela. What is he now hitting a little more what "the Cruel"?

guess between the internal instability of the emirate of Córdoba (every revolution needs to settle, and that of Rahman would not be less, Syrians and Berbers demanding more moral playing everywhere) and similar cold water, Muslims are the desire of traipsing off northern Spain for a season. However, namely how was the "battle." Because the sources call him anything military. Would I hundred men apiece?

You said, you said, it is rumored that among the Arab sources of the time he was named as the "murderer of believers." That has led some to think that carried out massacres of Muslims, mass executions, these things. So things past as mass crucifixions, or impaled.

We have said that the kingdom of Asturias was not to shoot rockets. Revolt was brewing in Galicia and the Basque, and a matter of time they explode. By 760 they revolted, the Basques, the Gallegos would likewise to 766. And true to his diplomatic style, the repressed as only he knows the hard way. No one knows exactly what he did, but suffice to know that no dissenting voices heard again in the two territories in nearly a decade. The left soft, smooth, like a glove. And by the way, it brought a gift Vasconia: Munia, daughter of Mr. vascón. The good of Munia is saying two things: either that she was abducted to appease the desire to fight for his people (remember what has been said on occasion in this blog, and specifically in this series, although the children referred to of the nobles), or was one of the terms of the agreement reached between the parties in dispute. From this union born child Alfonso at 760, who must wait to reach the throne that was his by right ... While the nobility do not think so.

Well, we must also recognize merit, to repopulate Galicia Miño. That's something, right?

Cordovan, Basques, Gallegos ... Do we have someone upset? Yes, why not give it a slap on the wrist to the clergy? Well said and done. Instead of going hand in hand with the church as his father, decided that they were easing customs and that it was time to follow the rule that dictated Rome. Do you know where they gave? Then in the second place else to hurt. And since this is the pocket, and there not grasped. What reform was sent regarding the marital life of priests. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, for those years, although recommended, was not "mandatory" that the clergy were celibate. Ie, could be openly married. Fruela cut off the gravy train: banned religious marriages and ordered the separation of those who already have accomplished. Very unwise, morally acceptable, but not very intelligent. And nothing served only to alienate the estate: OK, could not marry, but that were concubines, mistresses and other women of loose morals.

Image courtesy of "History sarcastic, specifically Article" Fruela I, the first Spaniard . " Does anyone else think that the author has hit the jackpot?

But it was not all sticks for the clergy. It also ordered the construction of monasteries (Benedictines in this case), such as San Vicente de Oviedo, churches, like San Salvador de Oviedo, or convents, such as San Miguel de Pedroso. In fact, the first is of particular importance: it was the germ of the city of Oviedo. And Fruela soon saw the strategic value of the enclave, and planned the transfer of capital from Cangas to there. But not take place.

Well, we have angered Muslims, Galicia, Basques and religious. Why do not we earned the enmity of the nobility? Come, go, but also in style, big time. As at the time of the Visigoths. Do we remember to Vimaranes, Fruela little brother? It turns out that began to fall more to the aristocracy of the kingdom than the king. Fruela, that as a good medieval king had the impression of seeing conspiracies against him everywhere, it believed that was brewing around Vimaranes. Was it real or just end up becoming afraid that true? Anyway, decided to cut the root of the problem attracted to Cangas and there Vimaranes it aired in person at 765. And immediately, the storm broke, carrying out a purge notable among the Asturian nobility ...

You can imagine what was the end of this king. Like any good paranoid ultraviolent, ended up murdered. By his own nobles. In the year 768. At least received a decent burial in the church of San Salvador that he ordered to be built. I know other people who had thrown his body to the dogs or pigs.

And after the regicide, because as usual, a dead king, king post. As already mentioned, the nobility decided. He decided that the young Alfonso was not going to be king, and less if he would to stand in as his father. So he chose to cousin, Aurelio. Ie Fruela son of Perez, the brother of Alfonso I, both sons of Pedro de Cantabria.

Finally, notice to mariners: Ladies and Gentlemen who write about Fruela I of Asturias, please stop confusing him with Fruela Perez, his uncle, because then you try to compare information and go crazy. So if you, dear readers, at some point find that Vermudo I (or shorts) or Rodrigo Frolaz are children of Fruela I heed not, have been bundled with the lucky moniker. Fruela I "the Cruel" had only one son, Alfonso (to be known as Alfonso II "the Chaste"), and a daughter, Jimena, of which little is known, which upon the death of his father, his mother sent his brother at a monastery in Galicia, to avoid greater evils.

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The latest Japanese Pacific Medieval Kings

Or how to continue the war on your own

Two

September 1945. Battleship Missouri (an old friend of this blog). Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu, along with other Japanese government officials signed the surrender of Japan, under the watchful eye of Douglas MacArthur. Japan, officially, had surrendered to the Allies. But does everyone? No. Not everyone. A series of irreducible Nippon continue the fight on their own, isolated from their comrades in arms. Are zan-ryū scha or Nippon zan-ryū hei, soldiers (from Japan) left behind.

is somewhat difficult to conceive in our minds, but the determination and pride of soldiers led them to continue the fight against the enemy until after thirty years of his country's surrender . Several reasons prompted them to do so, but one stands above the rest: do not believe it would have been possible for Japan to surrender, and all the news reached them about it were branded as American propaganda.

The representation of the Japanese Government in Missouri

Many attempts were unsuccessful, regardless of who came. Some of them are only delivered when the officer ordered him ... Officers took almost thirty years reintegrated into civilian life.

must understand one thing: the Pacific is huge. Simply huge. A vast territory plagued also by thousands of islands, islets, atolls, etc. Only the Philippines and Indonesia have identified 20,000 islands. And are not the only islands. Goes on. The Pacific is full of pieces of land, to make matters worse, they have lush vegetation. It is therefore normal that not hundreds, but thousands of Japanese soldiers are isolated.

turned out to be normal that several groups of Japanese soldiers were held in a kind of concentration camps waiting to be repatriated. Many never were, most did so during 1946 and 1947. But these are people we care today. It is amazing what they did several groups of soldiers who lost contact with their patrol cars or officers, and continued to fight the enemy hiding, surviving as best they could.

Today it is highly unlikely (not impossible) that Japanese holdouts are somewhere in the Philippines. A Japanese octogenarian wielding a rifle and wearing something questionable status at some point in the past was a battle dress? Well, maybe be ... However, there is something I think more importantly, how many more there and not know?

During the early postwar years the emergence of these soldiers created between astonishment and derision. There was no head of the victors that someone had kept fighting for only three to four years, robbing farmers (and the enemy himself) to live and to escape the militia patrols. But it was. Until 1950 these insurgents operating in large groups. For example, the December 1, 1945 forty-six soldiers under the command of Captain Oba surrendered on Saipan; had been harassing U.S. forces, hiding in caves and forests, since the end of the battle that took place on that island, July 9, 1944. In 1946, a division of 120 Japanese soldiers were defeated in the mountains south of Manila, but in April 1947 and still had 4,000 soldiers, of the 140,000 that were isolated in the Philippines, with their whereabouts unknown.

Captain Oba surrenders flag

A string appeared never end.

In the 50 soldiers encounters become more sporadic isolated ... While most surprising result. In particular, about thirty Japanese sailors who were held incommunicado at Anatahan Island in the Marianas. Two reasons make this group special: a gift they fell from heaven and among them was a woman. Hustler year, but survival improved slightly when a B-29 crashed on the island when returning from bombing Nagoya, and, basically, recycled to their advantage: with the metal containers were where to eat and drink, oxygen tanks stored water, with nylon parachutes a clothing, etc. However, the coexistence was not easy. A single woman for many men provoked disputes that were aggravated by abuse of wine from coconut, which is also toxic. So much so that six of the eleven who died in a violent way (with the aircraft came too handguns and machine guns defensive vehicle). And at least four with whom she shared her affection (being thin) were, as stated later, "swallowed by the waters." Tired of this situation, the woman took an oversight and drew attention de un buque estadounidense que patrullaba cerca, y de ese modo fue llevada a Saipán, y comentó a las autoridades que los restantes no creían que la guerra hubiese acabado. En 1951, sólo cuando, aparte de la propaganda, sus propias familias les dijeron que la guerra terminó en 1945, se convencieron y se rindieron.

En 1965 (veinte años después de terminar la guerra), un rezagado fue avistado en la isla de Vella Lavella... Fue descubierto en el jardín de una habitante de la isla. Es decir, mientras se buscaba las castañas tratando de encontrar algo que echarse a la boca entró en dicha parcela. Cuando volvió a Japón, after being convinced by the Ambassador of Japan in Solomon, was received with full honors. No wonder. But it is perhaps the only solo Vella Lavella is said, is discussed, it is rumored that one or two more ... The latest report is from 1989. Awesome.

In Guam, Tadashi Ito Sergeant lasted until 1960. But I was not alone. At your service was Shoichi Yokoi, who fled to the capture until 1972. It was the last survivor of the patrol Tadashi, who went into the jungle to avoid the humiliation of surrender. One by one they surrendered or were killed by marintes. But this man is the movie: as the humidity destroyed his uniform was made with fibers other cocteros, with which was also hammocks, shoes ... Do you know this man what he did before the war? Was a tailor. And that saved his life. No firearms (only officer kept a sword), he learned to hunt small animals with traps, and thus survived only twelve years (plus another fifteen times with other Japanese.) And his capture was the most stupid: hunters followed a trail, and they ran with it. Do not know how to react: a bearded Oriental with some clothes at least strange ... But no resistance was a renegade, but no idiot, four men could not well fed. He also returned to Japan as a hero, but he always had the feeling would not have served as the Emperor.

However, the most famous was Hiroo Onoda, the Japanese penultimate isolated safe on record. Lieutenant Onoda's mission was to harass the Americans through guerilla tactics on the Philippine island of Lubang. His task was reduced to just him and three more soldiers, but they were well trained to become ghosts attack and disappear. The four went crazy for the Filipinos on the island for several years. In 1950 one of the three soldiers was wounded and captured. His handwritten notes in which invited Onoda and his comrades to surrender because the war ended five years ago were not believed. In 1953, in an encounter with a Philippine patrol, another soldier died. There were only Kinshichi Onoda and Kozuka, who died in, the data eye, 1972. Twenty years the two of them survived, while acting (confiscating what they thought was useful, or nosing considered suspicious facilities to serve the enemy). After the death of Kozuka, Onoda was determined to die fighting, not going to give up, because even almost thirty years later did not believe in the surrender of Japan. But believe it ended when it was found in March 1974 by a student who had proposed just that, finding Lt. Onoda. And when he did, he told her she would not give up ever, unless it receives the order from his superior. And this was now a respectable bookseller, in disbelief, he traveled to the Philippines to liberate their orders Onoda. The lieutenant surrendered to Philippine authorities, handed his sword, his rifle and everything he and his men seized the enemy in those years. The Philippine president pardoned him for what he and his soldiers did in those thirty years and returned Japan, you know how? Exactly, as a hero. And they profited from it: he wrote the best-seller "No surrender: my thirty year war."

Hiroo Onoda, at the time of surrender (finally!)

But was not the last ... Teruo Nakamura appeared in Indonesia in December 1974. This is officially the last hei Nippon zan-ryū although Ishinosuke Uwano was later discovered ... But cheated: he was captured by the Soviet army, fled and not camouflaged in the jungle, like this, but in Ukraine, forming his own family.

Finally, a false rumor appeared in 2005, two Japanese soldiers of World War II were delivered in Mindanao, Philippines. Were said to be Yoshio Yamakawa, 87, and Tsuzuki Nakauchi, 85. But it turned out to be a fraud. Apparently, did not attend the meeting they agreed with the authorities and nothing more was heard of them. It would have been epic, yes ...