Fourth album by the Chilean band Devil Presley
Tuesday, May 25, 2010
Watch Mainstream Film
DEVIL PRESLEY, THE WICKER LIGHTNING
Fourth album by the Chilean band Devil Presley
Fourth album by the Chilean band Devil Presley
Saturday, May 15, 2010
What Is C6h1206 In Words
here. Chapter III: Alfonso Reyes
Or how move forward without
Or how move forward without
Dead, and digested, Favila, the protorreino of Asturias was without a king. No sons who could inherit, had to pull genealogy to fix the siding. That, or agree and help up to a noble, but there had been problems, sure. I guess the Asturian nobility still have all the recent factional clashes visigodas each time he reported this disjuncture. Fortunately, the solution, at least this time, was simple: Alfonso (or Alonso), son of the late Pelayo.
Alfonso de Cantabria Ermesinda married the daughter of Pelayo, as saw the last two chapters. This certainly placed him in a privileged level domains Asturias. The death of his brother gave him the throne on a plate. While, as already pointed out talking about this, it is thought if not involved in his death. Alfonso I was proclaimed King (yes, at last King) of Asturias in 739.
Alfonso was born around 693, in the bosom of a noble family. His father was Pedro de Cantabria, Duke (dux) of such lands, a narrow strip of land between the mountains and the sea. His father had died in 730, so that when he inherited the kingdom of Asturias, incorporated it into their domains. However, these As you can imagine, were quite small, because the possessions south of the Cantabrian Mountains were a frequent target of the raids or aceifas Muslim. An example is the capital, Amaya (north of Burgos) had to be abandoned because of the impossibility of defending it with reasonable assurance. Pedro de Cantabria and his family fled for the north. They fought with Pelayo, winning Covadonga. And following the Germanic tradition, his son was sent to court astur to be educated. Was common, and it will in the future, the sending children to the lord's court (although the term here is not correct, as feudalism in the Peninsula, little in fact, I use it to we understand). This served a dual purpose: education at the royal court (although it was not King Pelayo, I insist that the terms used to understand) always used to be better than their own, in all areas, and the gentleman back to covering the a possible rebellion (who is as Kafir of taking up arms to his son in the hands of the enemy?). Everyone wins.
But back to Alfonso. The warmth between her father and Pelayo came to the point that they agreed to become related through their respective children. That's how Ermesinda Alfonso married, sometime between 720 and 730. Ermesinda was by him then a girl, since birth is estimated between those dates, and Peter died in 730. That is, a maximum was 10. Alfonso was, as recently, twenty years her senior, who would give him three children before he died: Fruela, Vimaranes and Adosinda (name each one more beautiful, hear). She died before her husband, who would give him time to father a bastard, if we pay attention to the sources (and you'll see why this statement at the time), called Mauregato, before his death in 757, with 60 years.
Alfonso I, "the Catholic"
Back to the dates and Fazana of our king today. As mentioned, Asturias inherited through his wife, and was the first to use the title "King of Asturias." Some people want to see the first clear demonstration of the Asturian of these kings, matrilineal inheritance. I disagree, as usual. For starters, the inheritance fell to his son Pelayo, probably because it was the greatest. And although it had been the youngest, had been beaten. In almost every territory through which passed the Germans, the inheritance passes by blood semisálica: from parents to children, passing only through of women if there were male in sight. Second point that can be dismantled this theory: Alfonso, as all the kings of Asturias to Ordoño (for the remaining 100 years yet), was elected by the nobility. As in Visigothic times, the nobles elected the new king died after the ruling. In fact, many times, the nobility was limited to consent to something that was taken as an undisputed fact possible. The monarchy was elective, but de facto hereditary. In Asturias, the same will happen. In addition, to ensure legitimacy is assumed, some sources believe that Pedro de Cantabria was descended more or less than the lineage of Recaredo (Visigoth king of 586 at 601, smart guy who decided it was time to stop playing the fool and adopt as the official religion which triumphed among the subjects, Christianity, and stop paddling upstream along Arianism).
If anything characterized the reign of Alfonso was considerable sharing of good tow to the inhabitants of the southern lands. But ... if we said before Pelayo and Favila just made acts of war because they could not, and if they made was taking advantage of moments of internal weakness, how Alfonso, a few years later, could he? Because the Emirate of Damascus, owner of the peninsular domains are had encountered a little problem: those Muslims second (read from the Arab point of view, please), the Berbers of North Africa, the bulk of the armed invasion and basically had grown, and al-Andalus was practically plunged into civil war between the rulers, the Arabs and Syrians, and those who obey, the Berbers mented. The situation came to be difficult since the assassination of Muza, governor of Tunisia and co-invasive Tariq Peninsula in 717. And the situation would be settled only after the independence of the emirate, under the Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman, at 756. Well, this little golden age will end just as Asturian Muslims are redone. But we will move forward.
In the years of Alfonso the Andalusian control of the northern peninsula was nominal. Berber garrisons marched south, thereby embarrass the governor of al-Andalus. No major problems came to Alfonso Amaya, Leo and Iria Flavia. The tactics used in those territories historiography created what has been called "the deserts of the Duero" arrive, conquests, pass a knife to Muslims and Christians get along to the safety of the mountains. Let's face it, there were four cats, and being so little was really difficult to defend a territory as large like going from Galicia to Burgos. This caused the Douro Valley, was deserted in a way. More people in Asturias is more labor, more land to plow more definitive population. And the core began to get stronger Asturias.
Alfonso In his travels, accompanied by his brother Fruela, reached the Central System, arriving to take Avila, Segovia and Salamanca. But this conquest, as we have said nothing worth: let's all together, and I am the first, back in Asturias, that house is fine.
Asturias in times of Alfonso I. Includes complimentary yesterday. Personally, I do not think your domains as police arrived to this, but good. At best, as far as the "s" of Asturias. Being generous to Vizcaya
Another consequence, surely unintended, of this policy of desertification del Duero was to create a natural barrier between Muslims and them. The main population centers were empty, making it difficult to pass largely similar extent of land with large armies without refueling points. Neither Christians nor Muslims repopulated the area, leaving as boundary line a bit thick, several hundred miles, where they faced both sides continuously over the centuries, skirmish after skirmish.>
And one more: the Douro Valley was known Gothic as Campos, as was the main area where they settled when they came to Spain three hundred years ago. Thus, most new residents brought with them their culture Asturias Visigothic well intermingled with the Hispano. If Asturias hitherto remained, at least at grassroots level, free from foreign influences, they now fully entered. And that pastiche then out of there to expand in Spain. Among other things, the Gothic culture if people knew something was fighting. A tradition that would be appreciated.
Returning a little above, we see in the image of his statue, this king is classified as "Catholic." Why hand out as a champion of Muslims? No, because those walks the North Plateau would have either. Without opposition, even I myself, look what I say. No, it was called a Catholic by his desire to build churches and monasteries, such as San Pedro de Villanueva or Santa Maria de Covadonga, now disappeared. Embellished Cangas de Onis, which remained the capital of the kingdom.
Alfonso died in 757 in the capital, Cangas de Onis. Will happen to his eldest son, Fruela I. A year earlier, Rahman I was finished with the Berber revolt, and by the way, cut all ties to al-Andalus unite with Damascus. Things were going to get difficult for the kings of Asturias: the Reconquista will enter into a deadlock for several decades.
Saturday, May 8, 2010
Primitive Grunge Cinnamon Recipe
Caracalla I
Basiano Lucius Septimius was born on 4 April 188, in what is now Lyon, then called Lugdunum. His father, Lucius Septimius Severus, was the governor of the province at the time, but soon went to Pannonia (in the Empire's Danube frontier, more or less south of present-day Hungary), where he would receive the command of several legions. However, it's political career would take a considerable leap in 193. 
The Three Emperors marched to Britain in 208, to crush a few islanders to stay calm, strengthen Hadrian's Wall, those things. The family that launched the campaign together, stays together. But Dad was really bad for gout (poor, would be deprived of food, insurance), and died in York in 211. It is said that their children recommended the following: maintain peace, enrich the soldiers and the rest burlaos . Caracalla took him to the letter.
(1) And no, the phrase "big mistake" not of that defeat ... Crassus is a learned word meaning fat or inexcusable. Coincidence that those who commit the most serious mistake of the Roman Republic was called Crassus.
Or how to learn to be scary in three easy lessons
Despite his brief reign, Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus has left a deep mark in history. Surely not that name, nor that of Lucius Septimius Basiano say nothing or almost nothing, nobody. However, Caracalla yes, and that it is not just a motto. And although it did not reach the levels of extravagance and folly of other emperors altoimperial our hero today was really special and, from my point of view, exciting.
Basiano Lucius Septimius was born on 4 April 188, in what is now Lyon, then called Lugdunum. His father, Lucius Septimius Severus, was the governor of the province at the time, but soon went to Pannonia (in the Empire's Danube frontier, more or less south of present-day Hungary), where he would receive the command of several legions. However, it's political career would take a considerable leap in 193.
On New Year's Eve last year the Emperor Commodus was killed (yes, the Gladiator ), and a senator was put in place, Pertinax. But this imposition did not like the legions, who preferred to one of the guild. It lasted only three months, after which the throne was literally bought by Julian Dido. And madness broke out. For something called "the year of the Five Emperors." Dido was, of course, murdered, and Septimius Severus, who was strong enough, it planted in Rome with his legions. He was proclaimed Emperor, but as you all are skinny dog \u200b\u200bflea, soon jumped two more chances: Prescenio Niger and Clodius Albinus, Syria and Britain, respectively. The first was struck and the second purchased on charges ... But he lasted little joy in 195 was defeated at the Battle of Lugdunum, most fratricidal battle waged in Rome. Severo was thus ruling alone.
So with only five years old Basiano was the son of the Emperor. With seven Caesar (something like the crown prince, but at the time co-emperor, in a sense, to be learning the position). With ten years August, thus obtaining the imperial dignity, becoming co-emperor with all of the law. Sources say Basiano, like his brother Geta were young people friendly, respectful and kind. However, everything would change. His character was more bitter with time and his meteoric rise did nothing but aggravate it. Began to target ways, so to speak.
Caracalla child. The sources say what they want, but kid has a face that is not lame (courtesy of Wikimedia Commons )
His father decided rename the naming Caesar, to be renamed from the time Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Why? Septimius Severus was only an emperor legion tax base, by brute force, in addition to "Little Roman" (his ancestry was mainly Berber and Punic, with little Italian blood) and needed some kind of legitimacy. Despite being really cantoso (and tasteless) change so radical a name for connecting with the previous dynasty (the Antonina: Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, the people), did so mainly through his son, who gave the name of the last "big" because of this co-emperor died Early and his son, Commodus was sentenced to damnatio memoriae, the eradication of his name and figure of all the inscriptions and statues of the Empire, and although his rehabilitation did Septimius Severus and deification (to ingratiate himself with genuine Antonines) say that his image was very stained for the plebs. He in turn took the name of Pertinax and invented a genealogy that connects with the Antonines. With a pair.
A crucial year is 198, when Caracalla was appointed co-emperor. At the same time, his brother Publius Septimius Geta a year younger than him, he was promoted to Caesar. Although the idea was his father who ruled the empire together for better management, a growing rivalry between the brothers was born. In 209, two years before he died Severus, Geta was appointed August and thus become co-emperor in the third.
A clear example of how he spent Caracalla is found in their marital life. He was married in 202 a daughter of the chief of the Praetorian (the emperor's guard and who ultimately deposed and put to them), to earn his will clear. But the boy never got along with Fulvia Plautila. In 205 the praetorian bribed to declare that the father of this planning some kind of treason against the Emperor. And he had no choice but out of the way to Fulvio Plautianus. And by the way, just in case, the girl detained on an island.
The Three Emperors marched to Britain in 208, to crush a few islanders to stay calm, strengthen Hadrian's Wall, those things. The family that launched the campaign together, stays together. But Dad was really bad for gout (poor, would be deprived of food, insurance), and died in York in 211. It is said that their children recommended the following: maintain peace, enrich the soldiers and the rest burlaos . Caracalla took him to the letter.
If the relationship between the brothers was not good, since the death of his father only worsened. History shows us a Caracalla ambitious, tyrannical, and indeed that is the image that he himself chose to pass him. I hate, as I fear ... he would say. Or at least attached to it. And is that seeing the imperial busts of himself, really trying to be scary.
Bust of Caracalla. If my memory serves me, is the only imperial bust that looks forward, but to one side. And with a host of bad side to match. Judge you (courtesy of Wikimedia Commons )
One of his first acts as emperor and with his brother, was killed. And not in a discrete way, or by murderers or the like. In the imperial palace, with his hands in front of his mother. If there is a graphical representation of fratricide, that is it.
And thereupon ordered that he be eliminated from history. The year was 212 and Caracalla's reign of terror had only begun. In fact, very few are preserved Geta graphic references, some money and very few busts for someone of his status. Memoriae damnatio pure. Perhaps most curious is that this practice is rarely completely eliminated, for example, the inscription with the name of the offender, but left the hole where once stood. Something like "been there, but not anymore, who knows." The tondo Septimius Family Severo is an example: not destroyed, faded Geta's face and had to continue as if nothing hanging in the office of the officer on duty in that region of Egypt where it was found.
The tondo mented: Septimius Severus Julia Domna and above, Geta and Caracalla, below. Along with the manuals memoriae damnatio should appear this painting (courtesy of Wikimedia Commons )
The classic idea is that they were an angel and devil but today it is thought rather than Caracalla all he did was to attack first. And it was matter of time before one of them would realize that he could govern alone, without other's help. Caracalla was faster, nothing else. But as he won the infamous ...
And part of that fame grew after the fratricide, then made sure that not a single living witness. And the reprisals were several thousand. Twenty thousand some say, between the aforementioned witnesses, Geta clients, friends and like-minded people, and someone passing by when he should not. And despite the building industry policy (las fabulosas termas antoninanas, el conjunto termal más grande jamás edificado), Roma le odiaba. Y como a nadie le gusta estar donde no le quieren, dejó a sus perros al cuidado de su finca particular y se fue a repartir estopa a las fronteras del Imperio. No volvería a Roma.
Tras tranquilizar a los germanos por el norte, marchó hacia Oriente. Otro episodio de crueldad y brutalidad imperial lo encontramos en su visita a Alejandría. Hacía furor una farsa que dejaba en mal lugar al Emperador (algo sobre cierto asesinato de cierto hermano que nunca sucedió, ya me entienden), algo que le enfureció sobremanera. El resultado, the obvious: the city destroyed and thousands of citizens who had done nothing killed. While mingling with the soldiers, lacked the popular heat. And that would end up paying.
However, what most know Caracalla, although many do not know, is falsely attributed to its policy towards Christianity. In fact, he followed his father, who in turn was simply following tradition: let them be, while not being reported, and there used to be if they refused to live with Roman religion and stuff. And at a time, left in the hands of local governors application of laws against Christians. But Christians are awarded a false image, as if they were the perpetrators of the repression they experienced. And it had to blame someone, point a finger at the enemy. And in this case, the devil took on the appearance of the Emperor. Both his image as his father have spent the popular Christian imagination embodying evil, the devil. You back to the beginning of the article and tell me what be the Christian mythology has forked beard ...
The end of Caracalla is expected for one so difficult to appreciate. Someone who strives to be feared ends being terribly hated. And if one of those people who loath your existence is the one who is holding the easiest way to kill you, is that something you did wrong. That person was Macrinus, the praetorian prefect, head of the Praetorians. And we know what happens to these people. But someone came forward with the plans of Macrinus, one of the Emperor's bodyguard, Julio Marcial. Caracalla was with his troops in the East, on his way to Parthia (Iran, Iraq, the area). Reaching Carras (curiously, the place where the Roman Republic took its biggest military setback when Marcus Licinius Crassus was defeated and captured in 53 BC (1) ) did the assassination. Two different historians show two different motivations: Herodian says that he or she sent days before Caracalla's brother Marcial run unfairly and without proof, Dio Cassius says that he was out of resentment, not granted promotion to centurion. Anyway, Caracalla was relaxed from his guard, so it was not difficult to assassinate Marcial, a simple lunge. He tried to flee but was hit by an arrow or a spear and died for it.
The Macrino mented seized the throne for a brief period (fourteen months), until the women of the dynasty moved the Severe wires for the nephew of our hero was recognized as Emperor Caracalla's illegitimate son (presumably with his own cousin), and incarnation of the Sun Your name Elagabalus. But that's another story ...
(1) And no, the phrase "big mistake" not of that defeat ... Crassus is a learned word meaning fat or inexcusable. Coincidence that those who commit the most serious mistake of the Roman Republic was called Crassus.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)