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INQUISITION, posthumous

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medieval here. Chapter II: Mr. Favila

Or how to become lunch in three easy steps

Favila was the only son you know the good Pelayo. Acceded to the throne in 737, after the death of his father, and left just two years later, in 739. But all in good time.

As we know, Pelayo had to have at least two children, Favila (like his father) and Ermesinda. Although the fundamental show girl in a few paragraphs, we see how little is known about the boy ...

De Favila not know the date of birth, but if we consider Pelayo died in 737, having reigned since 718, more raids that previously lived ... We can almost assure that it was not very old. Perhaps twenties rounds, throwing over the top, because I do not think that life expectancy was very high. Still, sources say he had several children, which is surely one Favini was a daughter from his marriage with Froiliuba. That art had these Asturian for naming ...

About

Favila has not said anything nice. In his brief reign (and how to die), it has been speculated that King was a lazy, proud, hedonistic ... Come on, that historiography only has nice words to him. Among his works are tangible construction of the Church of the Holy Cross in Cangas de Onis in 737, where he placed the cross of oak that his father behaved in Covadonga. Precisely the foundation stone of the building referred to "children" Favila, plural. As a curiosity, to say that was erected on a prehistoric dolmen, which was respected. This leads me to think of the Romans and later cristanización which took place in this region. Possibly be more superficial than we think, because the fact of not only respect, but to safeguard a religious primitive (it was created on an artificial hill and upon this the church), leads us to believe that there was still a pre-Roman religious residue. "Religious tolerance? "Love art? No, that did not exist, would be a remnant of paganism.

Militarily, Favila not have had a lot of work. Apparently, the only success that is recognized is the defeat of Arab cavalry patrol. Of course, you know not defeat, which leads us to believe that for some reason, neighboring Muslim powers had to ignore him. Some sources suggest that there were internal problems in the borderlands, not strong enough to to even attempt to crush the revolt, which is what domains were still Favila.

And we must not forget that, even some who insist, Asturias was not ruled the kingdom until his brother, both married with his sister. You see as Ermesinda was going to play? Of course, it was not until Favila performed the feat that made him immortal in history.

As discussed, Favila died in 739, only two years after succeeding his father. As sudden death could not be natural, and indeed, all speculation pointing something. Tradition, and certainly more entertaining version, claims that he killed a bear. The traditional version tells that it was during a hunt, in which reckless Favila was hit by the animal. Others however say that a bear hunt should be part of a rite of passage, one of those rites of passage that speaks both anthropologists. Finally, Forges suggested a third version of the myth: the bear wanted to dance a Armando Manzanero caught with Favila and he sat him down so badly that spigot instantly. Aside the latter as unlikely (everybody knows that Manzanero was born in 1935, the bear had to choose another piece to get to dance to Favila), any the other two is credible. Why? Because, dear readers, without gunpowder and firearms, the animals were hunted with arrows and venablazos. An arrow a bear makes you laugh, and more with the technology available to them at that time. The longbow still take about 600 years to become popular ... Although there is evidence of their existence in the British Isles since the Neolithic. Maybe one day talking about the arc. The fact is that the arches would use would be the small arches and Pre-Roman tradition, which were far from effective against anything but a weak human. Spear or javelin throw was more effective against plantigrade, but today the Olympic record javelin throw is 90 meters (world record by nearly 100), imagine the past, without the technological perfection that surrounds today's javelin. And of course, were thrown from close range for that impact with maximum strength. Man vs. Bear is at a disadvantage, and if you have an oversight, you eat. Final point of discussion.

A picture is worth a thousand words. The original is here

A highlight that this legend has passed into popular proverbs: Espabila Favila, who is the bear , equivalent of going to give us grapes.

However, some authors claim that the death did not hunt. Instead, Favila had to be killed. Much like Visigoths, yes sir. Now, by whom? Well, let's hand our friends the Romans and ask, cui bono? Who is right? Who stands to gain from his death? As well, a boat soon, and without thinking, his brother Alfonso, who would later become Alfonso I, king of Asturias, which would explain that their children not known (except for his daughter Favini), if any there, any man would have been or paragraph or apiol mercilessly. And no need to mount a thriller or anything. Of course, this is mere speculation. And hell, we like the story of the bear.

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The heavy cruiser Blücher

Or how to lose the pride of the most stupid

Who

more, some less, will have ever heard of Bismarck. You know, "Sink the Bismarck ! "and stuff. Some, a little more interested, may know the fate of its twin, Tirpitz, the pocket battleships, or the German raider during World War II. But few know the history of the late Blücher, class heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper . But first, let's get some background.

The June 21, 1919, in a confusion of his guardians (the English fleet was on maneuvers), Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered to sink the German Imperial Fleet (Imperial Navy .) Where was I? In Scapa Flow, a British naval base located in the Orkney Islands, northeast of Scotland. Why Why? Because, well, let's leave it at humiliating Treaty of Versailles against Germany, among other things, to lose its entire fleet of war, which was turned over to English. Since the arrival of the fleet at Scapa Flow in November last year, became a sort of fair, a tourist attraction, in a humiliation not tolerated for long. In Scapa Flow ten battleships were sunk (all except one, who was stranded), five battle cruisers, five light cruisers and thirty-two destroyers. In total, fifty-two of seventy-four ships moored there have foundered, despite the efforts of the British Coast Guard for help.

The SMS Bayern sinking in Scapa Flow

Germany had been punished for lack of a powerful surface fleet. At Versailles it was agreed that could only have 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers and 12 destroyers. In addition, they could not build new ships if not to replace some old, and never more than 10,000 tons. And they could not implement technological improvements discovered ... To give you an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat is 10,000 MT., The battleship Missouri Anchored at Pearl Harbor and a museum ship displaces 40,000 tons. (1)

smelled But as the Soviet Union would cause problems, the Western democracies turned a blind eye to German rearmament. In 1935, with Hitler in power, and following the futile policy of appeasement, Britain signed the Anglo-Germanic naval agreement. This gave legitimacy to the arms race that Germany took place in the naval field. Basically, the agreement allowed the Third Reich must again have a fleet of war, but limited to 35% the size of the R oyal Navy.

With this 35% was sufficient. Germany did not need such large vessels. Well, actually many ships ... To get an idea, Great Britain amounted, eye to data, more than two million tons of warships in 1939. The U.S. is Missouri 1945 and is huge ... In short, overwhelming. However, Germany gradually began to commission and to realize ever-larger ships, and France and England began to suspect, so Kriegsmarine began to lie to the figures of their new acquisitions. One such ship was the Blücher distorted.

The heavy cruiser Blücher

According to official figures, the cruise moved just 13,000 tonnes, but Blücher actually had it to do evil regime, and certain pecking between meals, because it is estimated that it could reach 18,000 at full load. And that was within the cruise classified as heavy. Construction began in Hamburg on August 15, 1935, almost two years after the hull was launched, and 20 days after after the start of world war was given the nod to start operations.

really did nothing significant until 1940, when Blücher , the ship's most modern functional Kriegsmarine then was put in charge of the operation "Weserbüng "(which would mean" Weser Exercise ", ie, the code name for naval exercises are meant to distract, I guess), the invasion of Norway. The plan was simple: on 9 April, Bücher , the heavy cruiser Lützow (before known as the pocket battleship Deutschland , lighter and outdated that the flagship) and the light cruiser Emden (even older and lighter), with a handful of torpedo boats and minesweepers, enter into the Oslo Fjord, disembark a thousand soldiers who carried the Blücher and in a flash would capture the capital, the government and the king of Norway. A master plan! But they forgot one small detail ...

The Blücher way to Norway, seen from Emden

basic thing in the war: the enemy usually is not crippled. You can have toy guns, but a BB gun can do much damage with just luck. And it was. For starters, the cake was discovered early the night before, when a Coast Guard vessel was found with the battle fleet. With a couple is confronted them. Was captured. But sounded the alarm: in Oslo knew were coming. The hostilities between Germany and Norway had begun.

the morning, the fleet reached its destination. Coastal batteries guarding the fjord, some guns from the late nineteenth century, located in Oscarsborg, opened fire, even before they reached their operating range. When they reached him, the shot that really had a chance to do something, he did. And what if it did: burst fire control room ahead. Translated into layman language: no fire control room, shooting blindly. The second shot did nothing but improve the party on board the ship: it seems that struck the hangar (yes, vessels of considerable size, such as cruise, are below deck, usually aft, a hole to save a few seaplanes recognition; the Blücher had three, for example), and ignited the fuel of the aircraft, and 50 kilos of explosives that were ready to let go. Later, the fire spread among the troops loaded ammunition.

The Blücher tried to return fire, but did not know for sure where they were shot. In addition, done with the front battery was nonsense. So put the engines at full power and relied on out of the narrow fjord as soon as possible to get to Oslo quickly and without further damage. But another catastrophic fault crossed his path: the Norwegians had installed a battery of torpedoes in the narrowest part of the fjord but German intelligence was aware of it. This battery was built in ... 1901. Bravo. To this we add that he had to make a sudden maneuver to avoid running aground, leaving virtually stopped. It was a treat for the battery of torpedoes, with some weapons from the times of Austro-Hungarian Empire managed two hits. The Blücher was sentenced.

It was gradually tilting the engines stopped. It dropped anchor. But do not give up. The captain ordered drop torpedoes carried on board to prevent burst and cause more harm (shout profane, again, the torpedoes are not exclusive submarine naval guns, as we have seen there are boats whose main weapon is that, but also the destructive use and cruise ships carry over not used to, being short listed for the fighting style of the great vessels), and cut the anchor. The engines were restarted and tried to get to Oslo. But it was not possible. The strong bias that was taking the boat, with strong currents, caused virase 180. Shortly thereafter, the slope eventually overturn the ship. The sailors and soldiers who could almost jumped to death safe in the icy waters of the Norwegian fjord.

The sinking of Blücher , from left to right and from top to bottom

In Blücher would be about 2,000 people, including crew and soldiers. About 600 survived. Of sailors, very few, as the vests worn by soldiers prioritized the invasion. But if the loss of flagship setback was not enough, added to the invasion troops, you may know that among the other passengers were high army command and general staff morale increases power stroke. In addition, they were also bureaucrats, radio operators and other people needed to take over non-military in the city. Oh, and a band. Some 800 civilians, mostly perished there.

The operation was a failure. The delay allowed to invade Norway Oslo organize the escape of the royal family, government and parliament, carrying the country's gold reserves. When the Germans returned to the capital, it was too late. Despite the success in other parts of the Norwegian coast, miss this award can only be regarded as a failure. That allowed Norway to participate in the global battle with the allies, and to finance its participation with the gold that Germany did not capture.

Incidentally, today is the Blücher sunk off Oslo. For intrepid divers without cold, clear.

(1) Satellite image of Missouri, look at the scale ... and imagine: LINK

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medieval Reyes Here. Chapter I: Don Pelayo

Or how fitting in reality and myth

Let inaugurate this series with what is considered the initiator of the Reconquista and all that stuff. If it were me, would begin directly by Alfonso I, but to discuss it we must speak of the character that concerns us here before, and so filled with two more articles.

So who was Don Pelayo? Some more, some less, have an idea formed, Covadonga, stones and bad Muslims and invaders are defeated. Well ... It is time to eradicate a number of myths, from what I see.

Today it is assumed that there was a "historic Pelayo, a leader, probably of noble origin, who coalesced around him those who fled the Muslim advance inherent in the invasion of 711. Quoted in many sources today can not doubt his existence. What we know about him is that the Duke was to be son Favila, a Visigothic noble anti-king faction Witiza. Surely it was dux of the area of \u200b\u200bCantabria. And a mess of skirts Witiza ended his life. When he ascended the throne 701 Visigoths, Toledo Pelayo was banished and fled north to the former dominions of his father, among his clients (client understood those dependent on a benefactor, or, in terms we all understand, people related to a more powerful because example, owe more favors fat).

Witiza Under the circumstances inexplicably died of natural causes in 710 (yes, inexplicably, the favorite sport of the noble Goths were killing each other, and always dying to hands of another was king), with only 30 years. His faction Agila his son clinched (Agila II), only one child, while another part of the nobility said palatal odd that a child, how bad are things, in any way. And suggested to Roderico (Don Rodrigo for you) as king of Toledo. The following is well known: for some reason (being considered a number), the Muslims crossed the Strait in 711, gave him a beating in Guadalete Visigoth army (rather than military medium, because " Witiza " switched sides middle of the battle), and in just five years occupied the peninsula.

statue of Don Pelayo in Covadonga, Asturias (courtesy of Wikimedia Commons )

Is all? No, a small pocket of unruly Visigoths now resist the invaders. Or rather complex terrain backtracked Muslim expansionist ambitions in that area of \u200b\u200bthe Cantabrian coast. The legend reads: nominally Asturias was also submitted to Muslim rule, and the nobility yielded to the evidence. But Pelayo was bounced because the governor imposed forcibly married to her sister, organized a revolt that ended with his capture and deportation to Cordoba. Somehow he escaped and returned north to screw it tighter. And what if they succeeded, because they moved to a quota to defeat the rebels. Fleeing from them, found refuge in Covadonga, where a few miraculously defeated many, 722. The icing on the cake was the capture and execution of the said governor, Munuza. Pelayo was proclaimed then Princeps Astures of their leader.

Astures "? I still had that? Were not assimilated after the first hundred years of Roman domination and then Visigoth? Well, apparently not. Astures rebellions are documented during the reign of Wamba (672 - 680). Why the Asturian, who rebelled against the Goths, agreed to a leader with such an origin? Namely. Maybe you "nobilizase" to legitimize the Reconquista. Arab chronicles Pelayo cross out the "wild ass", which, even hatred that the enemy has not often that someone with noble ancestry. And the name does not sound Visigoths, but the experts say that is more classical, Greek or Roman. Anyway, I get in the car of Gothic origin, sorry.

Back to the dates and Fazana Prince Pelayo. And subsequently flee to Munuza dead Gijón making was simple, and subsequent expansion of the original kingdom of Asturias, too. Why? Because, as already indicated, the Arabs of rather little interest in this area, like let's face it, all that was north of the Duero. His views were on expanding north of the Pyrenees, but Charles Martel, Charlemagne's famous ancestor, he stood feet dramatically at Poitiers in 732. Meanwhile, Pelayo, who died in 737, had been incorporated territories around that central core, establishing his court in Cangas de Onis. Why not Cangas matchup? Their precarious situation led him to take shelter in the mountains. The extension of this early kingdom, even without such a designation, covered, at most, the central part of the current autonomous region, stretching a bit does this. Imagine an area with center and radius to Cangas Gijón ... As we see, a tiny outpost in comparison to the Peninsula.

Pelayo died in 737, in Cangas de Onis. From his marriage to Gaudiosa (or Geodosia, according to others) were born at least two children and Ermesinda Favila. And it's time to talk about them.

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Reyes medieval Deaths

several days I've been mulling over the possibility of initiating a series of articles on a subject I particularly like, by the age and relatively little is known about him: the High Middle Ages . The paradise of the positive history, strings of names and dates and facts, and kings, y. .. Well, that. In particular, I focus on the kings of the Iberian Peninsula. Let's start sweeping for home, with the kings of the West. If this succeeds, and it is your turn to Aragon. Where

started it all? As many know, in Asturias. There we go at a time, in rise as the relevant article ...

Reyes de Asturias:

• Chapter I: Don Pelayo
• Chapter II: Mr. Favila
• Chapter III: Alfonso I
• Chapter IV: Fruela I
• Chapter V: Aurelio I
• Chapter VI: Silo I
• Chapter VII: Mauregato I
• Chapter VIII: Bermudo I